Unit 15. 'Subway and 'Super,power.

Prefixes and Word Stress (2)

Unit 15; Part A

In some words with prefixes, the prefix itself is stressed. Most ofthese words are shown as having main stress on the prefix and, in somecases, secondary stress later in the word:
subway /'sΛbweι/ superpower /'su:p∂,pau∂r/

Most words like this are nouns and include:

'co-driver
'co-writer
'co-star

'sub,section
'subtext
'subsoil

'counterat,tack
'counter,claim
'counterpart

'super,market
'super,structure
'super,model

'hyperspace
'hypertext
'hyperlink

'under,current
'undergrowth
'underwear

'interface
'interchange
'interplay

In these words the syllable with main stress usually has prominence in discourse:
We took the SUBway. I'm j ust off to the SUpermarket.

Unit 15; Part B

However, other words with these prefixes have main stress on a syllableafer the prefix. Most words like this are adjectives and include:

,co-edu'cation
co'operate
,co-e'xist

,sub'conscious
sub'standard
,sub'tropical

,counterin'telligence
,counterpro'ductive
,counter'mand

,super'natural
,supera'bundant
,superim'pose

,hyper'active
,hyper'sensitive
,hyper'critical

,under'cover
,under'line
,under'age

,inter'changeable
,interconti'nental
,inter'active

In these words the syllable with main stress usually has prominence in conversation:
They have to learn to co-eXIST The climate here is subTROPical.

but prominence may go on the syllable with secondary stress in some cases (see C).

Unit 15; Part C

In many words with a prefix, there is secondary stress on the prefix, with main stress later in the word:
      ,impre'cise             ,disa'gree             ,hyper'active

When these words are used in conversation they can have stress shift (see Unit 10B), with the prefix made prominent rather than the main stressed syllable. Compare:
      Her answer was impreCISE.    but: She gave an IMprecise ANswer.
     He's hyperACtive.    but: I work with HYperactive CHILdren.
     He disaGREED.   but: He DISagreed STRONGly.
15.1.jpg

Here are some more words with prefixes which commonly have stress shift: ,decom'pose ,de'code ,diso'bedient ,disre'spectful ,imma'ture ,impo'lite ,mis'place ,mis'spelt ,recon'sider ,repro'duce ,unac'ceptable ,unsuc'cessful

However, some other words with these prefixes rarely have stress shift, including: de'fame dis'honest im'practical ,mis'judge re'place un'popular.

Exercises

1 Underline the syllable that you think will be prominent.

Here are the titles of some research papers given at a conference oneducation. Look at the words in bold some are given in A opposite andunderline the syllable that you think will be prominent.

Example: Why do children become hyperactive?

Conference	Time	Room No.	Coffee Break @
1 Assessing the benefits of co-education	12.00	13	12.30
2 Activating the subconscious for reading development	12.00	11	12.30
3 Technology and tradition in the classroom: exploring the interface	12.30	14	13.15
4 Motivating underachievers: using subtitles in language learning	13.00	13	13.30
5 Superstars as role models for children: going on the counteroffensive	14.00	14	14.45
6 Children's interest in the supernatural: some worrying undercurrents	14.00	10	14.30
7 Teachers and pupils as co-writers: an experiment in the use of hypertext	15.00	15	15.30
8 Making science education international: a study of British teachers and their Kenyan counterparts	14.45	13	15.15

Now listen and check your answers. Then read the titles aloud.

2 Match each word 1-7 with a word from the list a-g.

Match each word 1-7 with a word from the list a-g. Matched wordsmust have the same number of syllables and follow the same stresspattern. Words 1-7 are from A and B opposite.
Key.2 g (oooOo)
3 d (ooOoo)
4 f (Ooo)
5 a (oOo)
6 e (Oooo)
7 b (ooOo)
Example: 1-c (co-exist and interlinked both have three syllables with main stress on the last syllable - ооO)

1   ~~со exist~~
2   counterproductive
3   interchangeable
4   hyperspace
5   substandard
6   superstructure
7   undercover

a   cohabit
b   counterclockwise
c   ~~interlinked~~
d   hypersensitive
e   subcommittee
f    superstore
g   underdeveloped

Now listen and check your answers. Then listen again and repeat the words.

3 Underline the syllable you think is likely to have prominence.

Focus on the words in bold (some are given in C opposite), andunderline the syllable you think is likely to have prominence. Whichwords have stress shift (that is, prominence on the prefix), and whichdo not? Key.* indicates stress shift 1 impractical 2 review 3 impolite* 4 misplaced * 5 dishonest 6 dehydrated* 7 undressed Example: He was sacked for unacceptable conduct. (has stress shift) 1 She was wearing impractical shoes. 2 The government has promised to review hospital funding. 3 He tends to use rather impolite language. 4 There were too many misplaced passes in the football match. 5 The police have prosecuted a number of dishonest landlords. 6 The cream is very good for dehydrated skin. 7 He undressed quickly.
Now listen and check your answers. Then listen again and repeat the sentences.
Follow up: What other words do you know beginning sub- or super-? Where do they have their main stress? (Use a dictionary to check.)

Unit 14 Unit 15 Unit 16

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