Unit 68. -ing clauses (Feeling tired, I went to bed early.)
Unit 68; Part A
Study these situations:Joe was playing football. He hurt his knee. You can say:
• Joe hurt his knee playing football.
You were feeling tired. So you went to bed early. You can say:
• Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
'Playing football' and 'feeling tired' are -ing clauses.
If the -ing clause is at the beginning of the sentence (as in the second example), we write a comma (,) after it.
Unit 68; Part B
When two things happen at the same time, you can use an -ing clause.• Kate is in the kitchen making coffee.
(= she is in the kitchen and she is making coffee)
• A man ran out of the house shouting.
(= he ran out of the house and he was shouting)
• Do something! Don't just stand there doing nothing!
We also use -ing when one action happens during another action. We use -ing for the longer action:
• Joe hurt his knee playing football. (= while he was playing)
• Did you cut yourself shaving? (= while you were shaving)
You can also use -ing after while or when:
• Jim hurt his knee while playing football.
• Be careful when crossing the road. (when you are crossing)
Unit 68; Part C
When one action happens before another action, we use having (done) for the first action:• Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
• Having finished her work, she went home.
You can also say after -ing:
• After finishing her work, she went home.
If one short action follows another short action, you can use the simple -ing form (doing instead of having done) for the first action:
• Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
These structures are used more in written English than in spoken English.
Unit 68; Part D
You can use an -ing clause to explain something, or to say why somebody does something. The -ing clause usually comes at the beginning of the sentence:• Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (= because I felt tired)
• Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money. (= because he is unemployed)
• Not having a car, she finds it difficult to get around. (= because she doesn't have a car)
• Having already seen the film twice, I didn't want to go to the cinema. (= because I had already seen it twice)
These structures are used more in written English than in spoken English.
Exercises
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