Unit 120. By and until. By the time...
Unit 120; Part A
By (+ a time) = not later than:• I sent the letter to them today, so they should receive it by Monday.
(= on or before Monday, not later than Monday)
• We'd better hurry. We have to be home by 5 o'clock.
(= at or before 5 o'clock, not later than 5 o'clock)
• Where's Sarah? She should be here by now.
(= now or before now - so she should have already arrived)
Unit 120; Part B
We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues: | ||||
Compare until and by:
|
Unit 120; Part C
You can say 'by the time something happens'. Study these examples:• It's too late to go to the bank now. By the time we get there, it will be closed.
(= the bank will close between now and the time we get there)
• (from a postcard) Our holiday ends tomorrow. So by the time you receive this postcard, I'll be back home.
(= I will arrive home between tomorrow and the time you receive this postcard)
• Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started.
You can say 'by the time something happened' (for the past):
• Karen's car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time she arrived, most of the other guests had left.
(= it took her a long time to get to the party and most of the guests left during this time)
• I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished.
(= it took me a long time to do the work, and I became more and more tired during this time)
• We went to the cinema last night. It took us a long time to find somewhere to park the car. By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
Also by then or by that time:
• Karen finally arrived at the party at midnight, but by then (or by that time), most of the
guests had left.
Exercises
Make sentences with by.Key.2 I have to be at the airport by 8.30.
3 Let me know by Saturday whether you can come to the party.
4 Please make sure that you're here by 2 o'clock.
5 If we leave now, we should arrive by lunchtime.
1 We have to be home not later than 5 o'clock.
We have to be home by 5 o'clock.
2 I have to be at the airport not later than 8.30.
I have to be at the airport ___________________________
3 Let me know not later than Saturday whether you can come to the party.
Let me know ________________________________________
4 Please make sure that you're here not later than 2 o'clock.
Please make sure that _______________________________
5 If we leave now, we should arrive not later than lunchtime.
If we leave now, _____________________________________
Put in by or until.Key.2 by
3 by
4 until
5 until 5.30 ... by now
6 by
7 until
8 by
9 by
10 until
11 By
12 by
1 Steve has gone away. He'll be away until Monday.
2 Sorry, but I must go. I have to be home ___________ 5 o'clock.
3 I've been offered a job. I haven't decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to decide ___________ Friday.
4 I think I'll wait ___________ Thursday before making a decision.
5 It's too late to go shopping. The shops are open only ___________ 5.30. They'll be closed ___________ now.
6 I'd better pay the phone bill. It has to be paid ___________ tomorrow.
7 Don't pay the bill today. Wait ___________ tomorrow.
8 A: Have you finished redecorating your house?
B: Not yet. We hope to finish ___________ the end of the week.
9 A: I'm going out now. I'll be back at about 10.30. Will you still be here?
B: I don't think so. I'll probably have gone out ___________ then.
10 I'm moving into my new flat next week. I'm staying with a friend ___________ then.
11 I've got a lot of work to do. ___________ the time I finish, it will be time to go to bed.
12 If you want to take part in the competition, you have to apply ___________ 3 April.
Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use by or until.Key.Example answers:
3 until I come back
4 by 5 o'clock
5 by next Friday
6 until midnight
1 David is away at the moment. He'll be away until Monday .
2 David is away at the moment. He'll be back by Monday .
3 I'm just going out. I won't be very long. Wait here _________________.
4 I'm going out to buy a few things. It's 4.30 now. I won't be long. I'll be back _________________.
5 If you want to apply for the job, your application must be received _________________.
6 Last night I watched TV _________________.
Read the situations and complete the sentences using By the time ... .Key.2 By the time I got to the station / By the time I'd got to the station
3 By the time I finished (my work) / By the time I'd finished (my work)
4 By the time the police arrived / By the time the police had arrived
5 By the lime we got to the top / By the time we'd got to the top
1 I was invited to a party, but I got there much later than I intended.
By the time I got to the party, most of the other guests had left.
2 I intended to catch a train, but it took me longer than expected to get to the station.
___________________________, my train had already left.
3 I wanted to go shopping after finishing my work. But I finished much later than expected.
___________________________, it was too late to go shopping.
4 I saw two men who looked as if they were trying to steal a car. Icalled the police, but it was some time before they arrived.
___________________________, the two men had disappeared.
5 We climbed a mountain and it took us a very long time to get to thetop. There wasn't much time to enjoy the view. ___________________________, we had to come down again.
 | Unit 119 Unit 120 Unit 121 |  |
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