Unit 120. By and until. By the time...
Unit 120; Part A


• I sent the letter to them today, so they should receive it by Monday.
(= on or before Monday, not later than Monday)
• We'd better hurry. We have to be home by 5 o'clock.
(= at or before 5 o'clock, not later than 5 o'clock)
• Where's Sarah? She should be here by now.
(= now or before now - so she should have already arrived)
Unit 120; Part B
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Compare until and by:
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Unit 120; Part C

• It's too late to go to the bank now. By the time we get there, it will be closed.
(= the bank will close between now and the time we get there)
• (from a postcard) Our holiday ends tomorrow. So by the time you receive this postcard, I'll be back home.
(= I will arrive home between tomorrow and the time you receive this postcard)
• Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started.
You can say 'by the time something happened' (for the past):
• Karen's car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time she arrived, most of the other guests had left.
(= it took her a long time to get to the party and most of the guests left during this time)
• I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished.
(= it took me a long time to do the work, and I became more and more tired during this time)
• We went to the cinema last night. It took us a long time to find somewhere to park the car. By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
Also by then or by that time:
• Karen finally arrived at the party at midnight, but by then (or by that time), most of the
guests had left.
Exercises
![]() | Unit 119 Unit 120 Unit 121 | ![]() |
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